LED Light Guide Formulas

Demand for Power (kW) =System Input Wattage (W) ÷ 1,000
Energy Consumption (kWh) = System Input Wattage (kW) x Hours of Operation/Year
Hours of Operation/Year = Operating Hours/Day x Operating Days/Week x Operating Weeks/Year
Lighting System Efficacy (Lumens per Watt or LPW) = System Lumen Output ÷ Input Wattage
Unit Power Density (W/sq.ft.) = Total System Input Wattage (W) ÷ Total Area (Square Feet)
Watts (W) = Volts (V) x Current in Amperes (A) x Power Factor (PF)
Voltage (V) = Current in Amperes (A) x Impedance (Ohms) [Ohm's Law]

ECONOMIC FORMULAS
Simple Payback on an Investment (Years) = Net Installation Cost ($) ÷ Annual Energy Savings ($)
5-Year Cash Flow ($) = 5 Years - Payback (Years) x Annual Energy Savings ($)
Simple Return on Investment (%) = [Annual Energy Savings ($) ÷ Net Installation Cost ($)] x 100

DESIGN FORMULAS
Footcandles & Lumens
Footcandles (fc) = Total Lumens (lm) ÷ Area in Square Feet
1 Lux (lx) = 1 Footcandle (fc) x 10.76
Lux = Total Lumens ÷ Area in Square Meters

Calculating Light Level at a Point
For planes perpendicular to the direction of candlepower (Inverse Square Law):
Footcandles (fc) = I ÷ D²

I = Candlepower in candelas (cd) D = Direct distance between the lamp and the point where light level is calculated

Many workplanes are not perpendicular to the direction of light intensity, which is why calculating light level at a point is useful for such applications. In these cases, we often must determine light levels on workplanes that are not horizontal and perpendicular but tilted or even vertical. For tilted-horizontal or vertical planes:
Horizontal Footcandles (fc_h) = (I ÷ D²) x H
Vertical Footcandles (fc_v) = (I ÷ D²) x L

I = Candlepower in candelas (cd) D = Direct distance between the lamp and the point where light level is calculated
H = Distance between the lamp and the point direct below on the workplane
L = Distance between that point and the point where light level is being calculated
D = Square Root of (H² + L²) or D² = H² + L²

Calculating Average Light Level Throughout a Space (three formulas)

Average Maintained Illumination (Footcandles) = (Lamps/Fixture x Lumens/Lamp x No. of Fixtures x Coefficient of Utilization x Light Loss Factor) ÷ Area in Square Feet Average Maintained Illumination (Footcandles) = (Total Lamps x Lumens/Lamp x Coefficient of Utilization x Light Loss Factor) ÷ Area in Square Feet
Average Maintained Illumination (Footcandles) = (Lamps in One Fixture x Lumens/Lamp x Coefficient of Utilization x Light Loss Factor) ÷ Area in Square Feet/Fixture

Lumen Method
Required Light Output/Fixture (Lumens) = (Maintained Illumination in Footcandles x Area in Square Feet) ÷ (Number of Fixtures x Coefficient of Utilization x Ballast Factor x Light Loss Factor)

Light Loss Factors (more on Light Loss)
Light Loss Factor (LLF) = Ballast Factor x Fixture Ambient Temperature Factor x Supply Voltage Variation Factor x Lamp Position Factor x Optical Factor x Fixture Surface Depreciation Factor x Lamp Burnouts Factor x Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor x Fixture Dirt Depreciation Factor x Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor
Lamp Burnout Factor = 1 - Percentage of Lamps Allowed to Fail Without Being Replaced

Zonal Cavity Method (determining cavity ratios)

Room Cavity Ratio (for regular rooms shaped like a square or rectangle) = [5 x Room Cavity Depth x (Room Length + Room Width)] ÷ (Room Length x Room Width) Room Cavity Ratio (for irregular-shaped rooms) = (2.5 x Room Cavity Depth x Perimeter) ÷ Area in Square Feet
Ceiling Cavity Ratio = [5 x Ceiling Cavity Depth x (Room Length x Room Width)] ÷ (Room Length x Room Width)
Floor Cavity Ratio = [5 x Floor Cavity Depth x (Room Length x Room Width)] ÷ Room Length x Room Width

Room surface reflectances can be predicted in a new design or measured in an existing facility. If existing facility:

Room Surface Reflectance (%) = Reflected Reading ÷ Incident Reading Reflected Reading = Measurement from a light meter holding it about 1.5 feet away from the surface with the sensor parallel and facing the surface.
Incident Reading = Measurement from a light meter held flat against the surface and facing out into the room.

Calculating Number of Lamps And Fixtures And Spacing
Required No. of Fixtures = (Lumens/Lamp x No. of Lamps x Coefficient of Utilization x Light Loss Factor x Area in Square Feet) ÷ (Lumens/Lamp x Lamps/Fixture x Coefficient of Utilization x Light Loss Factor)
Required Lamps = Required Lumens ÷ Initial Lumens/Lamp
Maximum Allowable Spacing Between Fixtures= Fixture Spacing Criteria x Mounting Height

Fixture Spacing Criteria: See the manufacturer's literature Mounting height: Distance in feet between the bottom of the fixture and the workplane

Spacing Between Fixtures = Square Root of (Area in Square Feet ÷ Required No. of Fixtures)
Number of Fixtures to be Placed in Each Row (N_row) = Room Length ÷ Spacing
Number of Fixtures to be Placed in Each Column (N_column) = Room Width ÷ Spacing

For the above two formulas, round results to the nearest whole integer.

Spacingrow = Room Length ÷ (Number of Fixtures/Row - 1/3)
Spacingcolumn = Room Width ÷ (Number of Fixtures/Column -1/3)

If the resulting number of fixtures does not equal the originally calculated number, calculate impact on the designed light level:
% Design Light Level = Actual No. of Fixtures ÷ Originally Calculated No. of Fixtures

To calculate fixtures mounted in continuous rows:
Number of Luminaires in a Continuous Row = (Room Length ÷ Fixture Length) - 1
Number of Continuous Rows = Total Number of Fixtures ÷ Fixtures Per Row

MAINTENANCE
Lamp Life
Calendar Lamp Life (Years) = Rated Lamp Life (Hours) ÷ Annual Hours of Operation (Hours/Year)

Lamp Burnout Factor
Lamp Burnout Factor = 1 - Percentage of Lamps Allowed to Fail Without Being Replaced

Group Relamping Cost
Annualized Cost ($) = A x (B + C)
A = Operating Hours/Year ÷ Operating Hours Between Relampings
B = (Percentage of Lamps Failing Before Group Relamping x Number of Lamps) x (Lamp Cost + Labor Cost to Spot Replace 1 Lamp)
C = (Lamp Cost, Group Relamping + Labor Cost to Group Relamp 1 Lamp) x Number of Lamps

Spot Relamping Cost
Average Annual Cost ($) = (Operating Hours/Year ÷ Rated Lamp Life) x (Lamp Cost + Labor Cost to Replace 1 Lamp) x Total Number of Lamps

Cleaning Cost
Cleaning Cost ($) = Time to Wash 1 Fixture (Hours) x Hourly Labor Rate ($) x Number of Fixtures in Lighted Space

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Average Reduced Air Pollution (lbs. Carbon Dioxide) = Energy Savings (kWh) x 1.6 lbs.
Average Reduced Air Pollution (g. Sulphur Dioxide) = Energy Savings (kWh) x 5.3 g.
Average Reduced Air Pollution (g. Nitrogen Oxides) = Energy Savings (kWh) x 2.8 g.
Pounds = Grams ÷ 454
Tons = Pounds ÷ 2,000

Design Process

1. Define Lighting Requirements

The design goals should be based either on an existing fixture¡¯s performance or on the application¡¯s lighting requirements.

2. Define design goals

♠ Specify design goals, which will be based on the application¡¯s lighting requirements.
♠ The designer should specify any other goals that will influence the design, such as special optical requirements or being able to withstand high temperatures.

3. Estimate efficiencies of the optical, thermal & electrical systems

♠ Design goals will place constraints on the optical, thermal and electrical systems.
♠ Good estimations of efficiencies of each system can be made based on these constraints.
♠ The combination of lighting goals and system effiiciencies will drive the number of LEDs needed in the luminaire.

4. Calculate the number of LEDs needed

Based on the design goals and estimated losses, the designer can calculate the number of LEDs needed to meet the design goals.

5. Consider all design possibilities and choose the best

♠ As with any design, there are many different ways to best achieve the design goals.
♠ LED lighting is still a new field, so assumptions that work for conventional lighting sources may not apply to LED lighting design.

6. Complete final steps

Complete circuit board layout.
♠ Test design choices by building a prototype luminaire.
♠ Make sure the design achieves all the design goals.
♠ Use the prototype design to further refine the luminaire design.
♠ Record observations and ideas for improvement.

LED Luminaire Design Guide

Lighting-class LEDs are now available that deliver the brightness, efficacy, lifetime, color temperatures, and white-point stability required for general illumination.

LED-based luminaires reduce total-cost-of-ownership ( TCO ) in these applications through maintenance avoidance ( since LEDs last much longer than traditional lamps ) and reduced energy costs.

There are over 20 billion light fixtures using incandescent, halogen, or fluorescent lamps worldwide. Many of these fixtures are being used for directional light applications but are based on lamps that put out light in all directions. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) states that recessed downlights are the most common installed luminaire type in new residential construction . In addition, the DOE reports that downlights using non-reflector lamps are typically only 50% efficient, meaning half the light produced by the lamp is wasted inside the fixture.

In contrast, lighting-class LEDs offer efficient, directional light that lasts at least 50,000 hours. Indoor luminaires designed to take advantage of all the benefits of lighting-class LEDs can: Exceed the efficacy of any incandescent and halogen luminaire Match the performance of even the best CFL ( compact fluorescent ) recessed downlights Provide a lifetime five to fifty times longer than these lamps before requiring maintenance Reduce the environmental impact of light: no mercury, less power-plant pollution, and less landfill waste.

Luminaires Or Lamps

Designing LEDs into general illumination requires a choice between designing either a complete luminaire based on LEDs or an LED-based lamp meant to install into an existing fixture. Generally, a complete luminaire design will have better optical, thermal and electrical performance than the retrofit lamp, since the existing fixture does not constrain the design. It is up to the designer to decide whether the total system performance of a new luminaire or the convenience of a retrofit lamp is more important in the target application.

LED-based Luminaires For The Following Four Characteristics:

1. Luminaire light output ( lumens )
2. Luminaire efficacy ( lumens per watt )
3. Correlated color temperaure ( degrees Kelvin )
4. Color-rendering index
DOEs CPTP sets a good precedent for LED luminaire design by focusing on the usable light output of a luminaire ¡ª not just the light output of the light source.

LED Light Tube Manufacturers COB Technology - Features & benefits

• COB LED Light Tube T8 9W 14W 19W 24W
• Up to 80% energy savings.
• Fits conventional fluorescent light fixture.
• Super high efficiency lumen output.
• High-efficient power design (Constant current).
• Simple repair and maintenance with (Chip on board ) LEDs modular design.
• Absolutely no flicker for eye protection
• UV or IR free for skin & eye benefit.
• Lower burden on air-conditioner.
• Instant lighting-on with no flickering.
• Excellent durability and stanbility at high temperature.

COB LED Light Tube T8 9w / 14w / 19w / 24w
Item	COB LED Tube T8 9w	COB LED Tube T8 14w	COB LED Tube T8 19w	COB LED Tube T8 24w
Style No#	AL-T8-9W	AL-T8-14W	AL-T8-19W	AL-T8-24W
Lamp holder / Base	G 13
Wattage	9 w	14 w	19 w	24 w
Luminous flux	Cool white : 550 - 650 Lm	Cool white : 850 - 950 Lm	Cool white : 1200 - 1300 Lm	Cool white : 1500 - 1600 Lm
	Warm white : 450 - 550 Lm	Warm white : 750 - 850 Lm	Warm white : 1100 - 1200 Lm	Warm white : 1400 - 1500 Lm
Qtp of LED	135	210	285	360
Color temperature	Cool white : 6000 K ± 300 K Warm White : 3000 K ± 300 K
Color rendering index Ra	≥ 75 Ra
Casing material	PC + Airlines Die - Cast aluminum
Power Factor	≥ 90%
Light color	Warm white / Cool white
Nominal voltage(product)	Ac85 - 265V
Operating frequency	50 - 60 Hz
Dimensions: L × Diameter : Φ	L: 588 mm Φ : 26 mm	L: 894 mm Φ : 26 mm	L: 1198 mm Φ : 26 mm	L: 1498 mm Φ : 26 mm
Lifespan	30,000 - 50,000 H
Packging unit	25pc
Dimensions in H × W × L	220 mm × 210 mm × 650 mm	220 mm × 210 mm × 950 mm	220 mm × 210 mm × 1250 mm	220 mm × 210 mm × 1520 mm
Gross weight	7.25 kg	9.65 kg	12.6 kg	15.25 kg
Volume : L X W X H	30.030 Cubic dec	43.890 Cubic dec	57.750 Cubic dec	70.224 Cubic dec

Application:
Suitable for the offices, schools, basement parkings, restaurants, hotels, hypermarkets and many other places because the COB LED Tube Lamps do not contain poisonous and help with cost-saving and carbon reduction programmes. Available in various lengths and color temperatures, the Welland LED tube lamps come in various lengths and are designed to replace conventional fluorescent tube lamps. The tube lamps are manufactured with reliable plastic tube and high quality (Chip on board ) LEDs module, so are extremely safe and durable.

Attention:
- Please cut off the main power supply before installation.
- The starter, ballast, electrical switch are not required for LED tube.
- To remove the electric switch and reconstruct the circuit by professional electrician is suggested.
- This COB LED tube is not Dimmable - Do not connect with the Dimmer.
- Do not use for Emergency Fittings.

LED Light Tube Manufacturers COB Technology - Features & benefits

• COB LED Light Tube T5 8W 13W 18W
• Up to 80% energy savings.
• Fits conventional fluorescent light fixture.
• Super high efficiency lumen output.
• High-efficient power design (Constant current).
• Simple repair and maintenance with (Chip on board ) LEDs modular design.
• Absolutely no flicker for eye protection
• UV or IR free for skin & eye benefit.
• Lower burden on air-conditioner.
• Instant lighting-on with no flickering.
• Excellent durability and stanbility at high temperature.

COB LED Light Tube T5 ( 8w / 13w / 18w )
Item	COB LED Tube T5 8W	COB LED Tube T5 13W	COB LED Tube T5 18W
Sype No#	AL-T5-8W	AL-T5-13W	AL-T5-18W
Lamp holder / Base	G 5
Wattage	8 w	13 w	18 w
Luminous flux	Cool white : 450 - 550 Lm	Cool white : 800 - 900 Lm	Cool white : 1100 - 1200 Lm
	Warm white : 350 - 450 Lm	Warm white : 700 - 800 Lm	Warm white : 1000 - 1100 Lm
Color temperature	Cool white : 6000 K ± 300 K Warm White : 3000 K ± 300 K
Color rendering index Ra	≥ 75 Ra
Casing material	PC + Airlines Die - Cast aluminum
Power Factor	≥ 90%
Light color	Warm white / Cool white
Nominal voltage(product)	Ac85 - 265V
Operating frequency	50 - 60 Hz
Dimensions: L × W × H Diameter : Φ	L: 570 mm W : 23 mm H : 36 mm Φ : 16 mm	L: 870 mm W : 23 mm H : 36 mm Φ : 16 mm	L: 1170 mm W : 23 mm H : 36 mm Φ : 16 mm
Lifespan	30,000 - 50,000 H
Packging unit	Contains 25 Piece	Contains 25 Piece	Contains 25 Piece
Dimensions in H × W × L	220 mm × 210mm × 650mm	220 mm × 210mm × 950mm	220 mm × 210mm × 1250mm
Gross weight	5.75 kg	8.65 kg	11.5 kg
Volume	30.030 Cubic dec	43.890 Cubic dec	57.750 Cubic dec

Application:
Suitable for the offices, schools, basement parkings, restaurants, hotels, hypermarkets and many other places because the COB LED Tube Lamps do not contain poisonous and help with cost-saving and carbon reduction programmes. Available in various lengths and color temperatures, the Welland LED tube lamps come in various lengths and are designed to replace conventional fluorescent tube lamps. The tube lamps are manufactured with reliable plastic tube and high quality (Chip on board ) LEDs module, so are extremely safe and durable.

Attention:
- Please cut off the main power supply before installation.
- The starter, ballast, electrical switch are not required for LED tube.
- To remove the electric switch and reconstruct the circuit by professional electrician is suggested.
- This COB LED tube is not Dimmable - Do not connect with the Dimmer.
- Do not use for Emergency Fittings.

Designs Of LEDs - The Semiconductor Crystal:

Silicium belongs to the most frequent elements of the earth's crust. It occurs however not purely, but as SiO2 (silicium dioxide or quartz)and must be converted by precipitation processes into pure silicium.


Lattice defects in this crystal disturb however the movement of the electrons and in such a way that the crystalline pure silicium must be “cleaned?by a fusion procedure (Zohnenschmelz or Czochralski process) and "pulled" into large single crystals. These crystals has a diameter of 10-20 cm and a length of up to 2 meters. So a purity can be achieved by one foreign atom on 10 to high 9 Siliciumatomen.


This pure crystal is cut now into thin disks, called Wafern. Wafer costs today approx. around 1000, - Eur. The DOPING crucial for LEDs (addition of additives) can be achieved either with pulling the crystal or with the Wafern by vaporizing with 1000°C with the foreign atoms or by the bombardment with ions of the additive in small accelerators.

Now the endowed Wafern are cut into some hundred small “chips? which exhibit a thickness of only approx. 250 µm. These tiny small and hardly with free eye visible pieces of semiconductor crystal are responsible for the light generation of our LED.


Light emitting diodes are used into many different designs.


Mainly however plastics and synthetic resin applications for the lens are used. In addition, glass or metal housings is used with bright LEDs. LEDs zum Einsatz.


The plastic body, which is formed like a lens and lies over the crystal, lowers the limit angle of the total reflexion and bundles, therefore increases the radiating power.


With stronger LEDs also glass lenses are used. Metal housings, mostly from aluminum, take over mainly the task of the heat dissipation, thus cooling.

Luminance ( Photometric Brightness )

The light that we actually see, brightness can be measured as the light leaving a lamp, or the light reflecting from an object's surface. It is measured in footlamberts (English) or candelas/square meter (metric).

Brightness can be used for a variety of purposes, from producing a sense of drama to creating sparkle and glitter elements in a space. The brighter a task is, the easier it is to see and the lower the amount of light that is required. Too little brightness decreases contrast and calls for a higher light level. But if not properly controlled, high brightness can produce levels of glare that either impair or prevent a desired task being performed. Glare can be described as direct or reflected glare, which can then result in discomfort or disability.

Direct glare comes straight from the light source. Reflected glare shows up on the task itself, such as a computer screen. Discomfort glare does not prevent seeing makes it uncomfortable. Disability glare prevents vision--a popular example is holding a glossy magazine at a certain angle; a veiling reflection results, impairing our reading of the page.

Strategies for Reducing Unwanted Glare

Strategies commonly employed to reduce unwanted levels of glare include:

• Indirect lighting that throws more light upward than downward, diffusing the light and reducing glare on computer screens
• Parabolic louvers, special lenses or other diffusing media on fixtures that diffuse the fixture's light output
• In an office, it may be possible to de-emphasize the ambient lighting system with reduced light output and diffusing media, while providing adjustable task fixtures at workstations
• Relocating the light source
• Relocating the task or changing its orientation until the glare is removed
• Changing the surface reflectance of the task
• Use blinds or shades on windows to control the amount or transmittance angle of sunlight entering the space

Visual Comfort Probability

Visual comfort probability (VCP) is a rating on a scale of 0-100 given to indoor fixtures (in a uniform system with identical fixtures) to indicate how well accepted they are likely to be by the area's occupants. A VCP rating of 75, for example, indicates that 75% of the occupants in the poorest location would not be bothered by direct glare. Generally, office environments require that fixtures have a VCP rating of 70 or more, although this figure has been revised by some in recent years to 80 or more for environments where visual-task computers are used. The VCP rating for a given fixture can be found in its photometric test report. Generally, again, the higher the VCP rating, the lower the fixture's efficiency at transmitting light to the task.


Shielding Media Characteristics for Fluorescent 2x4 Recessed Troffer Fixtures:

Shielding Medium	Fixture Efficiency	VCP Rating
Clear Prismatic Lens	60-75%	50-70
Low-Glare Clear Lens	60-75%	75-85
Deep-Cell Parabolic Louver	50-70%	75-95
Translucent Diffuser	40-60%	40-50
Small-Cell Parabolic Louver	35-45%	99

Brightness Ratios

Brightness ratios in a space can affect how it is perceived. While high ratios of bright to dark in the space can produce contrast or a sense of drama, it can also be visually fatiguing during transient adaptation, which describes the eye adapting to changes in brightness. This can reduce productivity and can even be hazardous. The right approach is determined by the application; the IESNA has recommended brightness ratios for a wide range of environments.

Uniformity

Uniform light and brightness levels across a space can be desirable but may also be boring; in such cases, sparkle elements, color and/or other methods can be employed to create visual interest without causing fatigue.

LED Tube Light Installation Made Simple

Installing LED tube lights is a great way to save money on electricity and get potentially hazardous fluorescent lights out of your home or office. However, most LED tube lights on the market today can not just be directly installed in an existing fluorescent fixture. You will have to make some simple modifications to the fixture to properly install the bulbs. The good news is that installing an LED tube light in an existing fluorescent fixture is relatively simple. In addition, you should be able to buy fixtures especially designed for LED tube lights in the near future, and they should actually be cheaper than the equivalent fluorescent fixtures. This article will provide a brief overview explaining what you need to know in order to install the new energy-saving fluorescent tube lights in an existing fluorescent lighting fixture.

Fluorescent fixtures are designed to support a specific types and size of fluorescent tube. A fluorescent tube is incorporated into a fluorescent lighting system which consists of two or three main components:
(1) the fluorescent lamp (fluorescent bulb or tube),
(2) the ballast, and
(3) the starter system.
In addition, the system for a tube lamp includes a lamp holder and a switch. Depending on the particular fluorescent lighting system, the starter may be a replaceable component, a starter may not be required, or the starter function may be integrated into the ballast. The starting function may also rely on the physical design of the fixture. To retrofit a fluorescent light fixture to support an LED tube light, the ballast (and the starter if a separate one is present) must be disconnected.


Make sure that the LED replacement tube lights are the correct size for the fixture. Also, always remember that when servicing a fluorescent fixture or lamp for any reason, electrical power to the entire fixture should be disconnected. This is not always practical in situations where a large number of fixtures are controlled from the same power control (such as in open office areas). In these cases, insulating gloves and a nonmetallic ladder should be used if the fixtures must be serviced when power is present.

You will need a few simple tools, including a wire cutter and wire stripper (often incorporated into the same tool), a pair of pliers, a screwdriver, and a few wire nuts for reconnecting the wires once you have removed the ballast.

Once the old bulbs are removed from the lamp holders and the electricity to the fixture is turned off, you will probably have to remove the reflector that is located behind the bulbs and provides a housing for the wiring and ballast that lie behind it. Typically, it is fairly simple to remove the reflector or cover, but if it is not clear how to do this, you should consult the documentation from the fixture manufacturer.

If the fixture has an electronic ballast, you only need to remove that and then wire the power directly to the lamp holders, completing one circuit for each bulb. This is fairly simple, and typically you can use the existing wire in the fixture and then just add some wire nuts. If you have an older fixture with a magnetic ballast and starter, you will have to remove or open the starter and remove or short the magnetic ballast.

Depending on how much wire you have to work with, it is a good idea to leave long enough wires leading out of the ballast to be able to reconnect the ballast with wire nuts, if you should ever want to convert the fixture back to use for fluorescent bulbs or want to use the ballast somewhere else. Typically, the ballast will have two screws or bolts holding it in place in the fixture, and these can be removed using a screwdriver or pair of pliers, as appropriate. The ballast should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations as should the old fluorescent bulbs. Because the fluorescent bulbs contain a small amount of highly-toxic mercury, they should be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of accordingly.

Once the ballast (and starter, if one was present) have been removed and the wires reconnected to complete a circuit for each bulb, replace the reflector or cover over the wiring and the area where the ballast was located, and the LED tube lights can be inserted in the end sockets. Unlike fluorescent bulbs which do not have a top or bottom, an LED tube light will have an obvious top and bottom, with metallic heatsink located on the backside of the tube and the LEDs visible under a lens on the side that will be aimed towards the area to be illuminated. Place the cover back on the fixture (if there was one) and turn on the electricity. Turn on the switch and if you have done everything properly, you should have as good or better lighting using approximately half the electricity and lasting as long as 50,000 hours or more.

Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY

• The "Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY" generates bright light measured at 600.8 lumens, while emitting no UV radiation (unlike CFLs) and virtually no heat (unlike both CFLs and incandescent bulbs).
• The "Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY" emits warm white light, corresponding to the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2,200 - 3,000K.
• Color Rendering Index (CRI) is the ability of a light bulb to show the colors of objects accurately on a scale of 1-100. The "Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY" CRI is >87.
• Unlike most CFLs that flicker and generate only partial light output for several seconds after being turned on, The "Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY" turns on instantly.

The perfect energy-efficient, eco-friendly and safe replacement Dimmable LED Light Bulb for indoor task and accent lighting.

Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY 8W
Item	Dimmable LED Light Bulb PY 8W
Style No#	AL-CPY-8W
Base(standard designation)	E27 / E26
Wattage	8w
Luminous efficacy	Cool white : > 72.39 Lm/w
Luminous flux	Cool white : > 600.8 Lm
Color temperature	Cool white : 2,200 K - 3,000 K
Color rendering index Ra	> 87 Ra
Casing material	PC + Airlines Die - Cast aluminum
Light color	Cool white
Nominal voltage(product)	Ac90 - 265V
Operating frequency	50 - 60 Hz
Dimensions: L × Φ	L: 107 mm × Φ: 70 mm
Lifespan	3,5000 H
Packging unit	Contains 100 Piece
Dimensions in H × W × L	335mm × 335mm × 500mm
Gross weight	12.5 Kg
Volume	56.1125 Cubic dec

Dimmable LED Bulb Manufacturers COB Technology - Features & benefits

Dimmable Bulb LED Light Using A Surface Light Emitting ( Chip On Board ) COB LEDs

• Smooth dimming 10% - 100%
• Warm, pleasant white light.
• Energy-efficient and eco-friendly.
• Lasts 25 times longer than incandescent bulbs
• Contains no mercury or lead.
• Emits no harmful UV radiation.
• Generates virtually no heat
• Turns on instantly, without flickering.

The perfect energy-efficient, eco-friendly and safe replacement LED light bulb for indoor task and accent lighting.

Description Safety Savings Light Quality Specifications The Dimmable led Light bulb casts warm white light, bright enough to be used for replacement of up to 80W compact fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs in directional lighting applications, such as task lights or accent lights to compliment ambient illumination.

Smooth Dimming 10% - 100% COB LED Bulb

• Wattage : 8 W
• Base: E26 / E27
• Luminous flux: 660.8 lm
• Color temperature: 2,200 - 3,000 K
• Dimmable Bulb LED Light : Using A Surface Light Emitting ( Chip On Board ) COB LEDs

• Light Source: LED surface light source,COB (Chip-on-Board) design
• Body Material: Aluminum.
• Radiator Temp:< 50 degree.
• Radiator Caft : Die-casting aluminum case - toughened glass lens
• Environment-friendly and no UV or IR radiation.
• No dazzling and mild color with light bending effect.
• Long lifespan, low cost of maintenance.
• Transformer is at the COB LED Spotlight directly attached, including a terminal block for power line .
• Easy to install and maintain, and normal base type E can be matched.
• Easy to install and maintain, replacement of traditional bulbs and no subsidiary fixture.

COB LED Spotlight : Excellent durability and stanbility at high temperature.

( Chip-on-Board ) COB LED Spotlight E14 3W
wattage	3 w
Base type	E14
Base angle	120 degree
Nominal voltage(product)	Ac85 - 260V
Operating frequency	47 - 63 Hz
Lifespan	30,000 H
Radiator temp :	< 50°C
Power factor :	> 0.9
Casing material	6063 aluminum cold forging
Style No#	AL-SPTV-E14-3W
Luminous flux	( 3,000 K ) 180 Lm ( 4,000 K ) 210Lm ( 6,400 K ) 240LM
Luminous efficacy	( 3,000 K ) 60Lm/W ( 4,000 K ) 70Lm/W ( 6,400 K ) 80LM/W
Color temperature	Warm white : 3000 K Nature white : 4000 K Daylight white : 6400 K
Color rendering index Ra	(3,000K) > 80 Ra (4,000K) > 75 Ra (6,400K) > 75 Ra
Light color	Warm white Nature white Daylight white
Dimensions : Φ: × H:	Φ 50.6mm: × H: 86mm
Dimensions images:
Packging unit	Contains 100 Piece
Dimensions in H × W × L	210mm × 280mm × 570mm
Gross weight	11.8 Kg
Volume	33.516 Cubic dec

This discreet COB LED Spotlight with minimal design is the ideal solution for the lighting requirements of hotels, retail and fitness areas and spaces that require exact light from compact fittings that are easy to install and maintain.

COB LED Spotlight are used widely for general ambient lighting in:

Replacement bulbs for traditional halogen lamps, especially for museums, art galleries, cosmetic,where UV or IR radiation is undesirable.
Suitable for products range of hotel, bar, SPA, hardware store, lighting store, exhibition booth,supermarket, electronic store, show room, and internet shop.

COB LED Spotlight GU10 3W

• Light Source: LED surface light source,COB (Chip-on-Board) design
• Body Material: Aluminum.
• Radiator Temp:< 50 degree.
• Radiator Caft : Die-casting aluminum case - toughened glass lens
• Environment-friendly and no UV or IR radiation.
• No dazzling and mild color with light bending effect.
• Long lifespan, low cost of maintenance.
• Transformer is at the COB LED Spotlight directly attached, including a terminal block for power line .
• Easy to install and maintain, and normal base type E can be matched.
• Easy to install and maintain, replacement of traditional bulbs and no subsidiary fixture.

COB LED Spotlight : Excellent durability and stanbility at high temperature.

( Chip-on-Board ) COB LED Spotlight GU10 3W
wattage	3 w
Base type	GU10
Base angle	120 degree
Nominal voltage(product)	Ac85 - 260V
Operating frequency	47 - 63 Hz
Lifespan	30,000 H
Radiator temp :	< 50°C
Power factor :	> 0.9
Casing material	6063 aluminum cold forging
Style No#	AL-SPTV-GU10-3W
Luminous flux	( 3,000 K ) 180 Lm ( 4,000 K ) 210Lm ( 6,400 K ) 240LM
Luminous efficacy	( 3,000 K ) 60Lm/W ( 4,000 K ) 70Lm/W ( 6,400 K ) 80LM/W
Color temperature	Warm white : 3000 K Nature white : 4000 K Daylight white : 6400 K
Color rendering index Ra	(3,000K) > 80 Ra (4,000K) > 75 Ra (6,400K) > 75 Ra
Light color	Warm white Nature white Daylight white
Dimensions : Φ: × H:	Φ 50mm: × H: 70mm
Dimensions images:
Packging unit	Contains 100 Piece
Dimensions in H × W × L	210mm × 280mm × 570mm
Gross weight	11.8 Kg
Volume	33.516 Cubic dec

This discreet COB LED Spotlight with minimal design is the ideal solution for the lighting requirements of hotels, retail and fitness areas and spaces that require exact light from compact fittings that are easy to install and maintain.

COB LED Spotlight are used widely for general ambient lighting in:

Replacement bulbs for traditional halogen lamps, especially for museums, art galleries, cosmetic,where UV or IR radiation is undesirable.
Suitable for products range of hotel, bar, SPA, hardware store, lighting store, exhibition booth,supermarket, electronic store, show room, and internet shop.

How To Install LED Downlights

                Question: How many Downlights do I want? Or need?

Answer

This very much comes down to personal preference. Personally I prefer to fit more than is required, and then divide then up onto different switches. This will create different lighting effects. For example if you are putting the downlights into a kitchen you could have the downlights that are placed over the worktops on one switch and the other downlights that are illuminating the rest of the kitchen on another switch possibly a dimmer. This then means that you have good task lighting where needed and controllable mood lighting elsewhere.

However there are still some important factors to remember.

Without having any technical information about your particular room, use the following "Rule of Thumb". This best describes a kitchen, but can be adjusted for any room in your house.

Firstly make sure the Downlights that are going to be closest to your walls are no more than 600mm into the room. The reason for this is that 600mm is the standard measurement for the depth of your floor cupboards. This will mean that once the Downlights are fitted, no shadows will be created over the area that you are working.

You should now work out the position of the other lights by spacing them at intervals of between 900mm and 1200mm. From these figures you should now be able to calculate how many fitting will be in a row and how many rows you will need.

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Question: Should the Downlights be 12v or 230v?

Answer

This has been a long standing debate with no particular winner. I hope the below information helps.

Low voltage (LV or 12v) downlights are wired to a transformer, which is then wired to the mains supply. Although the transformer wastes approximately 10% of the power through stepping down the voltage to 12v this is more than compensated by the improved performance of low voltage downlights.

Due to a thicker filament, the halogen 12v bulbs (size MR16) are more efficient than the halogen 230v (size GU10) equivalent. The thicker filament also means that the bulbs are more robust.

Another advantage of 12v is that low voltage bulbs use halogen gas, which provides a much whiter and brighter light with higher clarity than the more traditional mains voltage incandescent bulbs.

Mains voltage downlights are wired directly to the mains without the need for a transformer.

The mains voltage (230v) downlights are generally cheaper, and can be simpler to install, as there is no need to install a transformer.

As an electrician I would advise my customers to use 12v Downlights in Kitchens and bathrooms where you generally need more light, but can be reduced using low wattage bulbs or dimmer switches if needed. The use of 230v Downlights in other areas would then be perfectly acceptable.

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Question: Do the Downlights need to be fire rated, acoustic rated or IP Rated?

Answer

Ceilings provide an important barrier that helps to prevent the spread of fire and noise between the floors of a building. Installing recessed downlights punctures this barrier and can reduce the effectiveness of this safety barrier.

Installing fire rated downlights helps to protect your premises from the effects of both fire and noise pollution and aids compliance with new building regulations governing the installation of downlights. Made from intumescent materials, fire rated downlights seal the gap between the ceiling and the fitting to offer up to 90 minutes protection against the spread of fire into the void spaces within your ceiling / loft space.

Fire rated downlights are more expensive than non-fire rated downlights. However, the worst decision you can make is to buy cheaper models that look exactly the same only to find out from the electrician fitting them, that building regulations require fire rated downlights for that situation. Then fire hoods will have to be bought and you would now find that you have spent more money in the long run.

Personally I feel it is best to always go for the safest lights on the market. Fires cost lives, surely that is worth a few pence more to fit fire rated downlights.

Having the right IP rated downlights is also a very important factor. Please see "What is IP Zoning" to see whether you will need an IP rated downlight. Water and electricity do not mix. Again IP rated downlights cost a fraction more but by paying a little extra you could save yourself from being electrocuted, or causing the contacts in the fitting to corrode. This could lead to a short circuit and possibly a fire.

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Question: Can I do the work myself or should I get an electrician in?

Answer

Firstly you should read " Part P - What is it? " as this will answer whether or not you can legally carry out the work you wish to do. Some people will always have a go, no matter what their level of competence is.

Electricity is dangerous and could kill you. I will always suggest to get an electrician in to do the work required, but if you are determined to do some electrics yourself please remember to be safe at all times and follow some basic safe isolation procedures before proceeding:

• Locate / positively identify correct isolation point or device
• Check condition of voltage indication device
• Confirm that voltage indication device is functioning correctly
• Switch off installation / circuit to be isolated
• Verify with voltage indicating device that no voltage is present
• Re-confirm that voltage indicating device functions correctly on known supply / proving unit
• Lock-off or otherwise secure device used to isolate installation / circuit
• Post warning notice(s)

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Question: What is the best process from start to finish for actually fitting the Downlights?

Answer

• Decide where you wish to place your chosen downlights measuring out the ceiling and marking the central point of the light. Now drill a small pilot hole through the ceiling.
• Now you have marked out the positions of the downlights it is a good idea to check above the ceiling to ensure that there are no joists / wires / pipes in the way. You should be able to see a small pinprick of light coming through the ceiling where you drilled the pilot holes. If you are unable to view the ceiling from above it gets trickier. The best way is to determine which way the joists run and what the spacing of them are. You could then use an old wire coat hanger bent at a 90⁰ angle to the width of the downlight. Insert the wire through the hole until the 90⁰ bend is through. Now twist the wire a full 360⁰ and hopefully it will not bump into any obstructions.
• In the instructions or on the box of the downlights it will say what the cut-out for that downlight will be. For the best results I will generally use a hole saw (a type of drill bit) to the correct size of the downlight which can be purchased very cheaply from most DIY stores. Alternatively the use of a plasterboard saw (Pad Saw) can be used which eliminates the need for a drill and hole saw. For this method you will need to draw a circle on the ceiling to the correct size as a guide for when you start to saw.
• Hopefully now you have produced a clean cut hole in the ceiling, got the plaster out of your eyes and shaken yourself outside to stop you looking like Casper the ghost!
• Once the wiring has been pulled through the hole the downlight can be wired. To fit the downlight into the hole hold the two springs back against the sides of the downlighter and push up into the hole. The springs then lie flat on the top of the ceiling holding it in place

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Question: Do I need any special tools?

Answer

This all depends on what you have in your tool box already! Please see the below list of what tools I have used in the past for fitting downlights. Some of them you might not need but can often prove useful.

• Chalk line
• Tape measure
• Pencil
• Pad saw
• Hand drill
• Hole saw (type of drill bit)
• Small drill bit for pilot hole
• Screw drivers

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Question: Can the existing lighting circuit support the extra light fittings?

Answer

Lighting circuits are usually on 6 amp circuit breakers often know as MCB’s (Miniature Circuit Breakers). To calculate how many Amps are loaded onto the lighting circuit a simple calculation is made. UK voltage is 230 volts, now assume that each light on the circuit is 100 watts, and you have got 12 lights on the circuit.

The calculation would be:

Total Watts ÷ Voltage = Amps

So taking the above information the calculation would be:

1200 watts ÷ 230 volts = 5.22 amps

So now we can see that the above described lighting circuit is using 5.22 amps meaning that the circuit breaker of 6 amps is not being overloaded.

Now to confuse things a little but very helpful on lighting circuits when you are wishing to add more lights. On lighting circuits once you have worked out the amps you can now apply a thing called Diversity, which for lighting circuits is 66% of the total load. So to work out this calculation we can do the following sum:

5.22amps ÷ 100 × 66 = 3.45 amps

So now we can see that we are able to add more lights to the circuit now that diversity has been applied to it.

Remember to carry out your calculations before you start any work

How to install led light tube t8 t10 retrofit tubes

Step 1. Unpack the product:

• Unpack and carefully examine the product from top to bottom.
• Report any damage and save all packing materials, if any part was damaged during transport.
• Do not attempt to use this product, if it is damaged.

Step 2. Planning the installation:

• This device installation requires planning to ensure
• successful installation with minimal complications and down time.

Step 3. User responsibilities:

• It is the responsibility of the contractor, installer, purchaser,
• owner, and user to install, maintain, and operate the device in such a manner as to comply with
• all state and local laws, ordinances, and regulations.

Step 4. Product installation steps:

• Disconnect power to fixture at source. DO NOT SIMPLY SWITCH OFF FIXTURE
• Remove existing fluorescent tubes and safely set aside.
• Disconnect (cut) wires to ballast leaving enough wire to be tied off with wire nuts.
• Tie-off remaining wires attached to ballast with wire nuts.
• See wiring diagram shown on reverse for your type lamp fixture (i.e., 1-bulb, 2-bulb, 4-bulb and etc.) and re-wire fixture.
• Install Aladdin LED Retrofit Tube(s) into fixture.
• Affix included warning labels to fixtures near lamp connection/sockets of fixture so they are visible to bulb installers.
• Re-connect power supply and turn on switch. Tube will light.

(Chip-on-Board) MR16 COB LED Spotlight 3W

• Light Source: LED surface light source,COB (Chip-on-Board) design
• Body Material: Aluminum.
• Radiator Temp:< 50 degree.
• Radiator Caft : Die-casting aluminum case - toughened glass lens
• Environment-friendly and no UV or IR radiation.
• No dazzling and mild color with light bending effect.
• Long lifespan, low cost of maintenance.
• Transformer is at the COB LED Spotlight directly attached, including a terminal block for power line .
• Easy to install and maintain, and normal base type E can be matched.
• Easy to install and maintain, replacement of traditional bulbs and no subsidiary fixture.

( Chip-on-Board ) COB MR16 LED Spotlight 3W
wattage	3 w
Base type	mr16
Base angle	120 degree
Nominal voltage(product)	Ac110 - 260V
Operating frequency	47 - 63 Hz
Lifespan	30,000 H
Radiator temp :	< 50°C
Power factor :	> 0.9
Casing material	6063 aluminum cold forging
Style No#	AL-SPTV-MR16-3W
Luminous flux	( 3,000 K ) 180 Lm ( 4,000 K ) 210Lm ( 6,400 K ) 240LM
Luminous efficacy	( 3,000 K ) 60Lm/W ( 4,000 K ) 70Lm/W ( 6,400 K ) 80LM/W
Color temperature	Warm white : 3000 K Nature white : 4000 K Daylight white : 6400 K
Color rendering index Ra	(3,000K) > 80 Ra (4,000K) > 75 Ra (6,400K) > 75 Ra
Light color	Warm white Nature white Daylight white
Dimensions : Φ: × H:	Φ 50mm: × H: 61.9mm
Dimensions images:
Packging unit	Contains 100 Piece
Dimensions in H × W × L	210mm × 280mm × 570mm
Gross weight	11.8 Kg
Volume	33.516 Cubic dec

This discreet MR16 COB LED Spotlight with minimal design is the ideal solution for the lighting requirements of hotels, retail and fitness areas and spaces that require exact light from compact fittings that are easy to install and maintain.

COB LED Spotlight MR16 are used widely for general ambient lighting in:
Replacement bulbs for traditional halogen lamps, especially for museums, art galleries, cosmetic,where UV or IR radiation is undesirable.
Suitable for products range of hotel, bar, SPA, hardware store, lighting store, exhibition booth,supermarket, electronic store, show room, and internet shop.